先把 /etc/apt/sources.list 备份一下，然后里面的内容全部注释掉，再选择一个国内镜像源添加。
腾讯云镜像站

deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main 
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib

阿里云镜像站

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main 
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main 
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib

华为镜像站

deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main 
deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib

清华大学镜像站

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

中科大镜像站

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware 

网易镜像站

deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main 
deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main 
deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib 
deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib

更换完执行

sudo apt update